8, United Nations University, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 2005. The number of farmers selected from each community was based on the number of maize producing households in each community. "In recent years, the Chinese government has made . They can be used to control rusts, mould, mildews, oomycetes, blights, and other fungi that harm plants. However, the indiscriminate use, rather the misuse of this sort of chemical inputs, has led to many problems in our ecosystem. It is therefore recommended that interventions aimed at increasing farmers awareness levels of health implications of agrochemicals use should focus on educating farmers through interactive radio discussion and training sessions on the field and incorporate safety use of agrochemical in our educational curriculum. In the bid to control maize pests such as stem borers, armyworms, silkworm, and weevils, weeds, and maize diseases such as downy mildew, maize rust, leaf blight, and leaf spot, for improvement in productivity, maize farmers have over the years resorted to the use of agrochemicals. Awareness of health implications of agrochemical use significantly increases maize output. Seventeen active ingredients: Paraquat dichloride, Glyphosate, Permethrin + pyriproxyfen, Dimethylamine salt, Cypermethrin, Chlorpyrifos . The main source of information on agrochemicals use was media and manuals. Both parties will receive written notification if the Department finds a violation and takes enforcement action. Instead of farmers properly disposing of empty containers of agrochemicals, they use them for fetching water, keep cooked food in them, store seed stocks for next season usage, and so forth. The general public, health care providers and hospitals all can help ensure correct use of the drugs. Other precautionary measures like avoiding of eating, drinking, and smoking during agrochemical application is still not adhered to by farmers. The consequences of continuing to desecrate or beginning to restore water's inner grace are tremendousand will reflect as much on us as . Toxicity- It is terms as follows.Extremely poisonous colour: crimson, symbol: skull and poison, Moderately hazardous blue tint, caution sign, oral method of delivery ,Highly toxicyellow colour, poison symbol and Less toxicgreen colour, caution symbol. Insecticides are chemicals that are used to kill, damage, repel, or control insects. In this study, the maize output refers to the quantity and quality of maize output. The environment may be affected, chemicals may pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. Farmers awareness levels were calculated from their responses on agrochemical application practices and health awareness indicators. Educational attainment decreases the probability of a farmer being in the low level of awareness by 0.028 and increases the probability of being in moderate and high level of awareness by 0.021 and 0.007, respectively. According to Horna et al. It has been demonstrated from previous studies that residues of both banned and currently used pesticides such as organochlorines and organophosphates, respectively, have been found in terrestrial food and aquatic environments [1315]. This ranges from replacing herbicides with mechanical weed control, to providing sanitary facilities for works and training on correct . Significant penalties can result from misuse, including improper storage resulting in spillage. 551561, 2011. Out of 154 respondents, 13% of the responded indicated that they wash the spraying machine in water bodies like rivers and streams. According to NPAS [16], chemical pesticides destabilize agroecological systems and biodiversity by contaminating the environment. The active ingredients are typically viscous and have a high solid content. Antibiotic resistance is one of the world's most urgent health problems. agrochemicals safely.The major risk factors related to agrochemical exposure resulted from the misuse of pesticides, including erroneous beliefs of farmers regarding pesticide toxicity, the use of faulty spraying equipment, the lack of proper maintenance of spraying equipment, or the lack of protective gear and appropriate clothing. Required fields are marked *. Strong winds blowing pesticides onto surrounding properties result in the largest number of complaints, so care should be taken to apply when winds are light and directed away from sensitive vegetation. Since the era of the Green Revolution, Agricultural production worldwide experienced much efficiency with a remarkable aim to eradicate threats of food insecurity. 2, June 2016, published, Farmer: Agrochemical Use and Associated Risk Factors in Fadan Daji District of Kaura LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria, Application of nanotechnology in agriculture and food science, 16 Agricultural Impacts in the Northern Temperate Zone, Securing future food: towards ecological food provision UK Food Group Briefing, Effect of Agrochemical Use on the Drinking Water Quality of Agogo, a Tomato Growing Community in Ashanti Akim, Ghana, Farmers perceptual analysis of the quality and accessibility of agrochemicals in Kaduna and Ondo States of Nigeria: Implications for Policy, Alternatives to legislative policies on pesticides in Cambodia, Alternatives to the lack of successful policies on pesticides in Cambodia, Socio-economic Determinants of Adoption of Recommended Agrochemical Practices among Crop Farmers in Kaduna and Ondo States, Nigeria, Adoption of Recommended Agrochemical Practices among Crop Farmers in Kaduna and Ondo States of Nigeria, Status, Gaps and Way Forward in Addressing the Chronic Kidney Disease Unidentified (CKDu) in Sri Lanka, Nanotechnology in agri-food production: an overview, A Review of Research into the Environmental and SocioEconomic Impacts of Contemporary and Alternative Arable Cropping Systems, DETERMINANTS IN KNOWLEDGE ABOUT RECOMMENDED PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF ROOT & TUBER CROPS, EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON CAMBODIA FARMING AND FOOD PRODUCTION: ALTERNATIVES TO REGULATORY POLICIES 1, Comparative investigation of climate change potential of agro-chemical inputs used by efficient and inefficient soybean farmers of Niger State in Nigeria vis--vis pathways of minimizing its impacts on agro-ecology, Awareness and practices of Paddy Farmers towards Sustainable Agricultural Technologies: The Case of Usangu Plains in Mbarali district, Tanzania, WB Agripollution Report Philippines (Executive Summary). Questionnaires were administered to farmers cultivating vegetables, food, and cash crops under Open-field and Greenhouse managements in respective Production Specification; Organic and Inorganic productions. The large-scale use of agrochemicals has raised environmental and human health concerns. 7, article no. Other studies have also found a . The multivariate linear regression results showed that awareness levels of health implications of agrochemical use increase maize output. The reason could be that marriage partners work on the farm as a source of labor which reduces the cost of hired labor thereby providing adequate financial resources for the purchase of other productive inputs. It has a negative relationship with farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use. The study aims to identify risks of agrochemicals that impact farmworkers, consumers, and ecology in Vietnamese mango cultivation to enhance safety and friendly production. In this study, utility is defined as the satisfaction (equivalently measured as the benefit) a farmer derives from adhering to safety precautions and recommended dosage of agrochemicals. 2, no. NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy, Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic, Harold Brookfield. Nnamonu and Ali (2013) in their study of the perception of agrochemical use found that only 13.9% of the consumers had a positive perception of agrochemical use. This variable was significant at 1% and positively related to the level of awareness. The types of agrochemicals used are grouped into pesticides (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, rodenticide, etc.) It could also be as a result of resource constraint which hinders the provision of right quantities of agrochemicals and the accompanied protective gears. Participants had attended 1053 training courses in . 0000002093 00000 n HlTO0~_q;gOMl*hQj The negative effects of farming experience on awareness of health hazards of agrochemical use are not out of place since this finding is consistent with empirical research results by Okoffo et al. 0000004876 00000 n We may be exposed in our homes through misuse or by accidents, and be contaminated by consumer products including food. As a result, in many countries, the use of agrochemicals has become highly regulated and government-issued permits for purchase and use of approved agrichemicals may be required. 4, No. In this instance, a higher rate of application has the potency to affect maize output level. Request Farmers Meeting Rise in population base, increase in . The estimated coefficients from an ordered logit model are difficult to interpret because they are in units of log-odds and for easy interpretation, marginal effects associated with each category were generated as shown in Table 6. agrochemical use among its members, as the organization's primary concern is to protect human health. The safety use of recommended dosage of agrochemicals by a farmer is implicitly determined by the satisfaction or the utility that the farmer derives from adhering to the safety and dosage specifications. Selective pesticides, insecticides, soil conditioners, and other agricultural chemicals can result in brighter and larger fruits and vegetables. This is because farmers who own radio and television receive information on safety use of agrochemicals. Look for children, nearby farm workers and sensitive crops. Tips for Farmers. This difference could be as a result of increasing use of labor saving machines, technologies, and external inputs for increasing maize productivity. a) Agrochemicals may alter the pH of the soil. Finally, keep accurate, detailed records, including wind speed and direction during application, to avoid frivolous complaints. [21] in their research on pesticide application among farmers in the catchment of Ashaiman Irrigation Scheme of Ghana: health implications revealed that out of 74 farmers observed spraying pesticides on their farms, 36.5% used nose guards, 45.9% used boots, 31% used hand gloves, and 25.7% wore dresses that covered the whole body except the eyes. This quantitative cross sectional study sought to understand the level of awareness, practices, and perceptions of safe Agrochemicals are chemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) used to boost agricultural production.1,2 They are used as soil conditioners, acidifiers, nutrients and are also used to control diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, pests and viruses, enhancing agricultural productivity and safety. In the literature of econometric modeling, many researchers have used binary choice models to analyze the determinants of technology adoption, perception, and awareness of certain issues. In terms of the dependent variable, agrochemical use, the response group is very similar to Italian olive farmers in general; their use of agrochemicals and changes over the last 15 years are very comparable (see Section 4). In Ghana, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the regulatory body that oversees the use of recommended pesticides. Definitions and measurements of variables included in the models. B. Dinham, Growing vegetables in developing countries for local urban populations and export markets: problems confronting small-scale producers, Pest Management Science, vol. This variable contradicted the a priori expectation. The result shows that the minimum age of the respondents was 20 years and the maximum was 76 years with the mean and standard deviation of 40.5 years and 13.2 years, respectively. Ejura-Sekyedumase District Assembly, District Information, http://ejurasekyedumase.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/. Additionally, the Chinese from about 3200 years ago used mercury and arsenic compounds to control the body lice.[4]. We are at the forefront of the search for solutions to some of the world's most pressing problems, seeking to be a global force for positive change. But the new pesticides seemed rather safe, especially compared to the forms of arsenic that had killed people in the 1920s and 1930s 12. A. Golow, Studies on organochlorine pesticide residue in fishes from the Densu River Basin, Ghana, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 115 0 obj<> endobj Agrochemicals are counted among speciality chemicals. %%EOF Agrochemical is any chemical that is used in agricultural production to improve productivity and control of pest and diseases [4]. The municipality is located within longitudes 15W and 139W and latitudes 79N and 736N. d) These increase the toxicity of the soil. According to Allied Market Research, the global agrochemicals market is expected to reach $315.3 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 2.9% from 2021 to 2030. . Farmers applied an average of 9.7 kg a.i./ha/yr of pesticide products and 375 kg/ha/yr of fertilizer, but those who sold their fruit to the national markets applied more nematicides, herbicides, and fertilizers than those who sold primarily to export markets, suggesting a lack of appropriate application knowledge. E. D. Okoffo, M. Mensah, and B. Y. Fosu-Mensah, Pesticides exposure and the use of personal protective equipment by cocoa farmers in Ghana, Environmental Systems Research, vol. Juxtaposing these findings on the summary statistics of continuous variables shown in Table 4, it is clear that an average number of annual extension visits of 0.416 are too low to actually provide enough information on awareness of health implications of agrochemicals use. Background. In a situation where the dependent variable is polychotomous and ordered, dichotomous regression models such as LPM, binary probit, or binary logit models are inappropriate. The results indicated that 35.6% had a low level of awareness, 51.4% were moderately aware, and only 13% of the respondents had a high level of awareness (Figure 1). Among the interventions this era saw to date were the use of fertilizers and pesticides in our day-to-day farming activity to boost yield and control pests/diseases. WEEDKILLERS are also known as herbicides. The agrochemicals industry contributes to agricultural progress by producing high-quality foods. Abstract. Read, understand, and follow all of the label requirements when combining and using. E. Lichtenberg and D. Zilberman, The econometrics of damage control: why specification matters, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 115 25 This implies that smallholder maize farmers are more aware of agrochemicals use risk than large-scale farmers holding other factors constant. Agroforestry to prepare logged areas for replanting, and harvesting crops in the fall. In this study, the level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use was ordered as shown in (3). The finding is consistent with Ajah and Nmadu [24], who found that an increase in household size leads to an increase in maize output. The minimum and maximum household sizes were 1 person and 16 persons, respectively, with a mean of 6 persons per household. 117 0 obj<>stream where is the expected utility for farmers who are more aware of safety use of agrochemicals and is the expected utility for farmers who are less aware of safety use of agrochemicals. In most of the cases, agrochemicals refer to pesticides.[3]. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics are key factors leading to antibiotic resistance. Weed controls are essential for maintaining good crop output. Plants may become spotted, curled or even die when exposed to a pesticide, often because wind has carried it from its intended area. For more information, call the Illinois Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Environmental Programs at 1-800-641-3934 (voice and TDD) or 217-785-2427. Proper use of pesticides is important since pesticide-drift can harm susceptible vegetation, wildlife and water supplies. uPBa;J[/}wB.ya?w y%+o'mTm,VK *Hg"`LA$)vJX$;KoDOetd4 D;)YO$z,Z8^b>&C'0_O9LP jf Make water unfit for consumption. Carboxin, oxycarboxin antibiotics like Aureofungin, organic mercurials, lime sulphur, dodine, and other antifungal agents eliminate harmful fungus from an infection court. There were some cases of harm from misuse of the chemicals. 8, pp. Apart from the aforementioned, several are classified as agrochemical or agrichemical goods. Therefore, the theoretical concept for analyzing the determinants of safety usage of agrochemical is the theory of utility maximization. Please turn on JavaScript and try again. This study assessed factors that affect awareness of health implications of agrochemical use and its effects on maize production in Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality of Ashanti Region, Ghana. Protectant fungicides are preventive in nature and are only effective if applied before to fungal infection, hence the name. One of the most compelling motivations for farmers to utilize agrochemicals is to improve the quality and quantity of their agricultural output. It is a confirmation of a research conducted by Gaber and Abdel-Latif [23] which opined that farmers who received school education had more knowledge about the negative effects of pesticides on health. Northern Presbyterian Agricultural Services (NPAS), Ghana's Pesticide Crisis: The Need for Further Government Action, Northern Presbyterian Agricultural Services (NPAS), Tamale, Ghana, 2012. Meanwhile, the achievable targets have not been reached. Antimycotics are another name for fungicides. In Ghana, the agricultural sector is principally dominated by small-scale farmers. Even if a violation of the Illinois Pesticide Act cannot be substantiated, both the complainant and the alleged violator will be notified in writing of the complaint's status. Authors. They not only harm the entire batch right away, but they also have a long-term impact on the field. Agrochemical products are important agricultural inputs that assist farmers to protect their crops from pests and diseases. 0 For instance, bovine somatotropin, though widely used in the United States, is not approved in Canada and some other jurisdictions as there are concerns for the health of cows using it. S. Gaber and S. Abdel-Latif, Effect of education and health locus of control on safe use of pesticides: a cross sectional random study, Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, vol. The study recognizes that education is important for improving farmers awareness regarding health implications of agrochemicals use. For example, 70% of herbicide used during the 1980s in Japan was applied to rice (Ishibashi et al. The study will also provide information to policy-makers and agricultural extension officers to come out with effective training programs for farmers. and fertilizers. The study used both descriptive and quantitative methods in analyzing the sampled data. Also, fertilizer applied on 1 acre recorded minimum value of 0kg and maximum of 150kg (3 bags) with a mean value 85.6kg. Most are mixtures of two or more chemicals; active ingredients provide the desired effects, and inert ingredients stabilize or preserve the active ingredients or aid in application. Keep in mind that having more isnt necessarily a good thing. Hardcover. 0000005274 00000 n Although most herbicides are safe for animals and humans, they have no effect on the plants they target or the insects that rely on them. Use of Pesticides in Rice Cultivation.Pesticide use in some rice-producing countries is significant. Quality here refers to the quantity of maize devoid of chaff and other pests infected grains. Presently the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has been a dangerous issue to agricultural production, soil and health. M. Parhi, Diffusion of New Technology in Indian Auto Component Industry: An Examination of the Determinants of Adoption, Discussion Paper Series No. Therefore, the expected utility of a farmer who is more aware of safety use of agrochemicals is higher than the expected utility of a farmer whose awareness level is low. The investigator may also interview applicators in the area, examine pesticide records and collect weather data in an attempt to determine the nature and cause of the damage. The amino acid and protein synthesis of herbs and weeds are interrupted, and they are finally killed. xref Agrochemical pollution of waterways, as a result of widespread use of insecticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, can alter the transmission of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis, according to a recent study from the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), partly funded by the NIH Fogarty International Center and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The study is expected to contribute significantly to information and knowledge on the factors that influence maize farmers awareness levels of health implications of agrochemical use. Associated with increased and inappropriate use and handling of agrochemicals are environmental and health problems. 2431, 2013. This study, based on 12 months of fieldwork during 1988-1989, examines growing agrochemical dependence and misuse in St. Vin-cent and the Grenadines in the East Caribbean. It suffocates crop growth by absorbing all minerals, water, and nutrients available to the plant. Molluscicides: Molluscicides are used to treat schistosomiasis and are a highly specialized field. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutic drugs is . [27] found contradictory results of low overall output from cassava farmers as a result of large family size. Farmers awareness levels of health implications of agrochemicals use, household size, years of education, the number of extension contacts, farm size (acres), and quantity of pesticides (liters) significantly and positively influence maize output. Fungistat refers to a class of chemicals that do not kill fungal pathogens but temporarily limit fungus development, and fungistatis refers to the phenomenon. 92.7% of the respondents had knowledge about perilous consequence and yet didn't garment recommended protective apparels during application. 0000001181 00000 n Experience in agrochemicals use and farm size have a negative significant effect on farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemicals use. The probit and logit models are improvement of the LPM but there are no significant differences between the results obtained from the two especially when the sample size is small [18]. Agrochemicals can assist enhance yields from dwindling agricultural farmlands, which will help meet the ever-increasing demand for food. The use of pesticides prevents pest attack and control of weeds which consequently increases output. Leads to water pollution. The study used awareness indicators to estimate an index representing farmers’ awareness levels of health . The Adjusted R-squared of 0.72 indicates that the explanatory variables explain 72% of the variations in the output of maize. It has a positive effect on output and hence meets the a priori expectation. The multiple linear regression model was used to analyze how output is affected by level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use. Agrochemicals affect maize crops directly. [5], the use of pesticides by farmers to control weeds, increase agricultural productivity, and preserve agricultural produce has reached a crescendo thereby calling for urgent attention. The sector contributed 22.0% against 28.6% from the industrial sector and 49.5% from the services sector to the GDP of the country [1]. Contact -Its main aim is to kill insects when used on a single target.Because they must strike the insect directly, most domestic insect sprays work like contact insecticides. Home Indicative questions for measuring awareness of health implications of agrochemical use. Other variables that were significant in output model include household size, years of education, the number of extension contacts, farm size, marital status, and quantity of pesticides applied. These are necessary for preserving a food supply and killing insects using pesticides and other chemicals. In general perspectives, agrochemical (pesticides and fertilizer) are used as both protective and productive inputs for maximum productivity. Corporate Office Meanwhile, overuse can also cause loss. Fungicides are toxic compounds or insecticides that kill or prevent fungus and their spores from growing. Disclaimer, Office: B-300 Saraswati Vihar, Pitampura, New Delhi 110034, Copyright 2021 | Geeken Chemicals India Limited | All Rights Reserved. Weed controls are essential for maintaining good crop output. Conversely, Achem et al. . Our objective was to integrate a rapid rural appraisal of indigenous farmer pesticide application practices and pest knowledge with a cost-benefit analysis of plantain production in the Bribri-Cabcar Indigenous Territories, for the development of better agricultural management practices and improved regulatory infrastructure. Extent of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use. 35.6%, 51.4%, and 13% of the respondents had low, moderate, and high levels of awareness, respectively, of health implications of agrochemical use. A cost-benefit analysis conducted with a separate group of 26 plantain farmers identified several national markets and one export market for plantain production in the Indigenous Territories. The agrochemicals industry contributes to agricultural progress by producing high-quality foods. Table 6 shows the results of the multiple linear regression model. Syngenta was the Chinese owned worldwide leader in agrochemical sales in 2013 at approximately US$10.9billion, followed by Bayer CropScience, BASF, Dow AgroSciences, Monsanto, and then DuPont with about $3.6billion. About 60 percent of those complaints involve drift. Follow all requirements on pesticide product labels. The user is legally responsible for any damage due to misuse of pesticides. Level of awareness and frequency of respondents. 0000009429 00000 n
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